Chinese Science Bulletin

Modern civilization is characterized by rapid growth in computational capabilities and the widespread adoption of digital technologies. In this context, robots, intelligent devices, and AI-based software systems are increasingly used in industry and scientific research. Informatization is actively penetrating the food industry, which has traditionally relied on empirical approaches and has accumulated large volumes of experimental data that now require mathematical modeling and computer-based analysis. This study presents a mathematical model of a multi-stage bread-making process formulated as

The paper proposes an energy-efficient architecture for an industrial IIoT monitoring system based on LoRaWAN for bakery production and develops a mathematical model linking radio channel and network traffic parameters with node energy consumption, delivery reliability, and data freshness. The model includes the calculation of Time-on-Air as a function of SF/BW/CR and payload length, the node energy balance across "measurement–processing–transmission–reception–sleep" phases, a probabilistic assessment of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) considering coverage and collisions, and the Age of In

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in food manufacturing often lack affordable, deployable solutions for continuous energy monitoring that can support digital-twin-driven decision making. This study presents a low-cost edge–cloud monitoring architecture based on ESP32 gateways and commercial electricity meters (single-phase “Orman” and three-phase “Dala”), integrated with an MQTT pipeline, time-series storage, and dashboard visualization. The system was deployed in an operating production facility for 61 days, collecting 17.7 million samples from 16 operational nodes. To addre

It is well known that the quality of biogas directly affects its energy value and efficiency of use in power plants, as well as determines the profitability of production. However, it can be difficult to identify deviations in the quality of biogas at early stages, especially in industrial conditions, as this requires in-depth knowledge of the physic-chemical characteristics of the gas. As part of this project, an intelligent biogas quality management system was developed using Internet of Things technologies designed to monitor key parameters such as temperature, methane levels and gas humidi

Structural health monitoring of composite structures requires reliable separation of temperature and force/strain effects in embedded fiber-optic sensors. This paper proposes a two-channel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing workflow that combines deliberately mismatched sensitivity coefficients with dual-edge ratiometric interrogation to enable robust wavelength tracking and subsequent decoupling of measurands. External thermal and mechanical inputs are first converted to equivalent fiber strain and mapped to Bragg-wavelength shifts for two gratings; the reflected spectrum is then demodulated u