Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Operation Theaters of District Headquarter Hospital, Pakistan
In developing countries, the nosocomial infections accounts for 25% of all the infections and causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to find the distribution and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from different operation theaters in the district headquarter hospital, Pakistan. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted; 72 samples were collected from air, floor, walls, instruments, equipment, operating bed, drapes, mop and hands of the surgeon and assistants. Settle plate’s method was used for air samples and swabs for surfaces and other articles in the operation theater. The samples were cultured on the selective and differential media and then incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. In the microbiology lab the samples were processed and identified by using standard microbiological techniques; including staining, microscopy, biochemical tests, enzyme tests and other culture characteristic tests. The isolated organisms include E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These microorganisms were isolated before and after cleaning of operation theatre. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test was carried out to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates. Resistance pattern of all the 32 isolates of Staphylococci including CoNS and S. aureus showed that there is no isolate resistant to Vancomycin. Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem and Tigecycline are found to be effective antibiotics with low resistance rate of 0%, 6% and 3% respectively. However, high resistance is detected against ampicillin sulbactam (94%). Gram negative bacteria showed 51% resistance against cefepime and 32% resistance against ampicillin sulbactam. However, the lower resistance which reach zero is recorded against ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and meropenem (0.0%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed 100% resistance against piperacillin-tazobactam.