Improving Coastal Defense Structures Through Comprehensive Flood Risk Assessments a review and future research

The more frequent and stronger integrated compound flooding is one of the most challenging threats for coastal defense system design, construction, operation as well as maintenance especially in urban developing area like Semarang City in Indonesia. Rising levels of rivers deliver the bulk of this so-called compound flooding, and they amplify sea level increases in ways that produce bigger water heights than either one alone would predict. Recognizing the complexity of such an interaction between river flows and storm surges, more sophisticated modeling would be required for a comprehensive understanding. This study establishes a statistical-hydrodynamic modeling framework for predicting extreme water levels, while also accounting for the combined impact of upstream and downstream drivers. As one of the most vulnerable cities in a country, Semarang is an interesting case study for combined flood events due to its peculiar topography. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly cited. A recent study has gone further to highlight the importance of employing integrated modeling systems due to necessity for more confident delineation of large-scale and complex flooding patterns. The study endorses adaptive management strategies and new categorization tools to guide more defensible risk assessments, supporting community resilience. It also includes developing tools for fast modeling and engineering assessments that consider the complexity of natural processes acting on coastal defense.